|
The EPR is a third generation pressurized water reactor (PWR) design. It has been designed and developed mainly by Framatome (now Areva NP) and Électricité de France (EDF) in France, and Siemens in Germany. In Europe this reactor design was called European Pressurized Reactor, and the internationalized name was Evolutionary Power Reactor, but it is now simply named EPR by Areva. Four EPR units are under construction. The first two, in Finland and France, are both facing costly construction delays (to at least 2018). Construction commenced on two Chinese units in 2009 and 2010. The Chinese units were to start operation in 2014 and 2015,〔(Symbolic milestone for Finnish EPR ), ''World Nuclear News'', 24 October 2013.〕 but are now expected to come online in 2016 and 2017. ==Design== The main design objectives of the third generation EPR design are increased safety while providing enhanced economic competitiveness through improvements to previous PWR designs scaled up to an electrical power output of around 1650 MWe (net) with thermal power 4500 MWt. The reactor can use 5% enriched uranium oxide fuel, reprocessed uranium fuel and 100% mixed uranium plutonium oxide fuel. The EPR is the evolutionary descendant of the Framatome N4 and Siemens Power Generation Division "Konvoi" reactors. The EPR design has several active and passive protection measures against accidents: *Four independent emergency cooling systems, each providing the required cooling of the decay heat that continues for 1 to 3 years after the reactor's initial shutdown (i.e., 300% redundancy) *Leaktight containment around the reactor *An extra container and cooling area if a molten core manages to escape the reactor (see containment building) *Two-layer concrete wall with total thickness 2.6 meters, designed to withstand impact by aeroplanes and internal overpressure The EPR has a design maximum core damage frequency of 6.1 × 10−7 per plant per year.〔''(EPR Level 1 Probabilistic Safety Assessment )''. Author: UK EPR.〕 The EPR was designed to use uranium more efficiently than older Generation II reactors, using approximately 17% less uranium per unit of electricity generated than these older reactor technologies.〔http://books.google.ie/books?id=LZ7zBwWLyLEC&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=ipsr+reactor&source=bl&ots=RjrcdZBH5t&sig=CFdyY4mBX774oMKN2D-Z2OAiZKk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=C5gvUdSXA5GThgft44DQAw&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=ipsr%20reactor&f=false page 126. 3 Rs of Nuclear Power: Reading, Recycling, and Reprocessing Making a Better ... By Jan Forsythe〕 The Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR in Dec 2007 as the only new reactor design under consideration in the United States that "...appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors."〔(【引用サイトリンク】work=Union of Concerned Scientists )〕 On 4 November 2009, the nuclear power regulatory authorities in France, Finland and the United Kingdom issued a joint letter to Areva, citing serious problems with the EPR's digital Instrumentation and Control systems (I&C). The letter stated:
EDF acknowledged the difficulties it was having building the EPR design, with its head of production and engineering, Hervé Machenaud, saying EDF had lost its dominant international position in design and construction of nuclear power stations. Machenaud indicated EDF was considering designing two new lower powered reactors, one with output of 1,500 MWe and the other 1,000 MWe. Machenaud stated there would be a period of reflection on the best way to improve the EPR design to lower its price and incorporate post-Fukushima safety improvements. In September 2015 EDF's chief executive Jean-Bernard Lévy stated that the design of a "New Model" EPR was being worked on, which will be easier and cheaper to build, which would be ready for orders from about 2020. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「EPR (nuclear reactor)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|